Research and development in the United States has materially contributed to innovation and economic growth. The strong U.S. economic performance during the 1990s has given impetus to the trend toward a knowledge-based economy: that is, one in which research, its commercial exploitation, and other intellectual work play a growing role in driving economic growth. Of note is the chapter entitled "Elementary and Secondary Education" which describes the racial, gender, and socioeconomic gaps in the education of America's children. Despite overall improvements, certain racial/ethnic groups continue to lag behind others in mathematics. These gaps do not appear to be narrowing.
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